File formats
Plain-language explanations of common file formats such as GIF, PNG, JPG, WebP, AVIF, MP4, MP3 and PDF: what they are good at and when to convert them.
Image formats
GIF is a 1987 image format best known for short, looping animations. Learn how it works, where it shines, and when WebP or MP4 is the better choice.
PNG is a lossless image format with full alpha transparency, ideal for screenshots, logos and graphics. Learn when to use PNG and when JPG or WebP is smaller.
JPEG (JPG) is the most common photo format, using lossy compression to keep files small. Learn how JPEG quality works and when PNG, WebP or AVIF is better.
WebP is a modern image format from Google with lossy and lossless compression, transparency and animation. Learn how much smaller it is and where it is supported.
AVIF is a next-generation image format based on the AV1 video codec, often about half the size of JPEG. Learn its strengths, limits and browser support.
SVG is an XML-based vector image format that stays sharp at any size. Learn when to use SVG for logos and icons, and how to convert it to PNG or JPG.
HEIC is the default photo format on iPhones, storing images at about half the size of JPEG. Learn why it causes compatibility problems and how to convert it.
TIFF is a flexible, high-quality image format used for scanning, printing and archiving. Learn what makes TIFF files large and when to convert them.
ICO is the Windows icon format, also used for website favicons. Learn which sizes an ICO file should contain and how to create one from PNG or JPG.
Video formats
MP4 is the most widely supported video format, usually holding H.264 or H.265 video and AAC audio. Learn how MP4 works and how to reduce its size.
WebM is an open, royalty-free video format for the web using VP8, VP9 or AV1 video and Opus or Vorbis audio. Learn when to use WebM instead of MP4.
MOV is Apple's QuickTime video container, used by iPhones and many cameras. Learn how it relates to MP4 and how to convert MOV for wider compatibility.
Audio formats
MP3 is the most compatible lossy audio format. Learn what bitrate to choose, how MP3 compares with AAC and FLAC, and how to convert audio to MP3.
WAV is an uncompressed audio format used for recording and editing. Learn why WAV files are large and when to convert them to MP3 or FLAC.
FLAC is a free lossless audio format that keeps CD-quality sound at roughly half the size of WAV. Learn when to use FLAC instead of MP3.